MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND CONTROL (AEC 501) – For Third Year Degree Course in Mechanical and Automobile Engineering – Semester 5 – University of Mumbai (MU)

1. INTRODUCTION TO METROLOGY
1.1 Introduction to Metrology, Need for Inspection, Fundamental Principles and Definition. Standards of Measurement, Errors in Measurements, International Standardization.
1.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerances of Interchangeable Manufacture, Elements of Interchangeable System, Hole based and Shaft Based Systems, Tolerance grades, Types of fits, General Requirements of GO and NO GO gauging, Taylor’s Principle, Design of GO and NO GO gauges.

2. METROLOGY OF MEASUREMENTS
2.1 Principles of Interference, Concept of flatness, Flatness testing, Optical flats, Optical Interferometer and Laser Interferometer.
2.2 Surface Texture Measurement : Importance of Surface Conditions, Roughness and Waviness, Surface Roughness, Standards specifying Surface Roughness Parameters – Ra, Ry, Rz, RMS value etc., Surface Roughness Measuring Instruments.
2.3 Screw Thread Measurement : Two Wire and Three Wire Methods, Floating Carriage Micrometer.
2.4 Gear Measurement : Gear tooth comparator, Master gears, Measurement using Rollers and Parkinson’s Tester.

3. MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND CONTROLS
3.1 Significance of Mechanical Measurements, Classification of Measuring Instruments, Generalized Measurement System, Types of Inputs : Desired, Interfering and Modifying Inputs.
3.2 Static Characteristics: Static Calibration, Linearity, Static Sensitivity, Accuracy, Static error, Precision, Reproducibility, Threshold, Resolution, Hysteresis, Drift, Span and Range etc.

4. MEASUREMENTS
4.1 Displacement Measurement : Transducers for Displacement, Displacement Measurement, Potentiometer, LVDT, Capacitance Types, Digital Transducers (Optical encoder), Nozzle, Flapper, Transducer.
4.2 Strain Measurement : Theory of Strain Gauges, Gauge Factor, Temperature Compensation, Bridge circuit, Orientation of Strain gauges for Force and Torque, Strain Gauge based Load Cells and Torque Sensors.
4.3 Pressure Measurement : Elastic Pressure Transducers viz. Bourdon Tubes, Diaphragm, Bellows and Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors, High Pressure Measurements, Bridgeman gauge. Vacuum Measurement : Vacuum Gauges viz. McLeod Gauge, Ionization and Thermal Conductivity Gauges.
4.4 Flow Measurement : Bernoulli’s Flowmeter, Ultrasonic Flowmeter, Magnetic Flow Meter, Rotameter.
4.5 Temperature Measurement : Electrical Methods of Temperature Measurement, Resistance Thermometers, Thermistors and Thermocouples, Pyrometers.

5. CONTROL SYSTEMS
5.1 Introduction to Control Systems, Classification of Control Systems. Open Loop and Closed Loop Systems.
5.2 Mathematical Modelling of Control Systems, Concept of Transfer Function, Block Diagram Algebra.
5.3 Transient and Steady State Analysis of First and Second Order System. Time Domain Specifications, Step Response of Second Order System. Steady-State Error, Error Coefficients, Steady State Analysis of Different Types of Systems using Step, Ramp and Parabolic Inputs.

6. STABILITY ANALYSIS
6.1 Stability Analysis : Introduction to Concepts of Stability, The Routh Criteria for Stability.
6.2 Experimental Determination of Frequency Response, Stability Analysis using Root Locus

7. BODE PLOT
7.1 Introduction 7.1
7.2 Plots in Bode Plot 7.1
7.3 Description of Semilog Paper 7.2
7.4 Standard Form of Open Loop Transfer Function 7.4
7.5 Basic Factors of G(jw) H(jw) in Standard Form 7.5
7.6 Steps to obtain Bode Plot of Standard Factors of G(s) H(s) 7.5
7.7 Bode Plots of Standard Factors 7.5
7.8 Summary of Magnitude Plot and Phase Angle Plot 7.20
7.9 Procedure to draw Lines of Varying Slopes 7.20
7.10 Frequency Response Specifications 7.21
7.11 Computation of Frequency Response Specifications from Bode Plot 7.22
7.12 Calculations of System Gain from Magnitude Plot 7.46
7.13 Determination of Transfer Function from Magnitude Plot